I. Arrangements for String Quartet

CLASSICAL:

• Tomaso Albinoni  (1671 - 1750)

  • Adagio in g minor

• J. S. Bach  (1685 - 1750)   new

  • Aria “Bist Du Bei Mir” (Art Thou Near Me), (w/ optional organ)  -  MP3
    (this adaptation was recently performed in October 2005 by the Moscow Soloists w/ Juri Bashmet in Tokyo, Japan)
    Arioso  from Keyboard Concerto in F-Minor, BWV 1056  -  MP3
    Concerto for Two Violins in d minor, I. Allegro
    Concerto for Two Violins in d minor, II. Largo ma non tanto (w/opt. organ) - MP3
    Concerto for Two Violins in d minor, III. Allegro
    Siciliano from Flute Sonata No. 2, BWV 1031  -  MP3
    Choral “Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme", from Cantata No. 140
    “Air” from Orchestral Suite No. 3  -  MP3
    “Overture” from Orchestral Suite No. 5   new
    Adagio from Oboe Concerto in d minor by A. Marcello, BWV 974
    Bach's keyboard transcription (BWV 974) of Alessandro Marcello's Oboe concerto in d-minor is the basis for this arrangement. The piece was first thought to be by Vivaldi, then, until the mid 1960s, by Benedetto Marcello (Alessandro's younger brother). 
    recorded live at Highland Park United Methodist Church, Dallas, December 2005  -  MP3
    Goldberg Variations - Variation I   -  MP3
    Ich ruf’ zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ 
    Adaptation of the Chorale Prelude No. 41 from the “Orgelbüchlein” BWV 639
    This piece, originally in f minor, was featured in Andrei Tarkovsky's film "Solyaris" (1972)
    Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major 
    Complete, unabridged
    Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 in C Major  
    2nd movement, arranged for string quartet with optional organ

• Ludwig van Beethoven  (1770 - 1827)   new

  • Ode to Joy  -  MP3
    For string quartet, trumpet and organ. Excellent as a recessional.
    String Quartet op. 130  -  Cavatina  -  MP3
    String Quartet op. 18. No. 1  -  Adagio affettuoso ed appassionato  -  MP3
    Obviously not arrangements, but useful to have as a single movements, since they get requested often, especially funerals.

• Johannes Brahms  (1833 - 1897)

  • Waltz No. 15 in A Major (originally Ab Major)

• Giulio Caccini (1546 - 1618)   new

  • “Ave Maria”
    Available in F, G and Bb Minor, for voice and string quartet, and also for solo violin (or oboe) and string quartet (in G Minor)
    Recorded by Bocelli, Charlotte Church and others, my favorite version is Inessa Galante's, who started it all. Listen to her on YouTube.

• Marc Antoine Charpentier  (1645 - 1704)

  • Prelude to “Te Deum”

• Frédéric Chopin  (1810 - 1849)   new

  • Prelude, Op. 28, No. 4 in E Minor
    Prelude, Op. 28, No. 6 in B Minor
    Nicknamed “Tolling Bells”, it features the cello throughout
    Prelude, Op. 28, No. 13 in G Major

• Arcangelo Corelli  (1653 - 1713)

  • 12 Concerti Grossi op. 6
    Source: Eulenburg New Urtext Score
    First published in Amsterdam in 1714
    Op. 6, No. 1 in D Major   
    Op. 6, No. 2 in F Major   
    Op. 6, No. 4 in D Major  -  MP3
    Op. 6, No. 8 in G Minor
    fatto per la notte di Natale, “Christmas Concerto”
    Op. 6, No. 9 in F Major  

• Léo Delibes  (1836 - 1891)

  • Flower Duet from “Lakmé”
    for string quartet
    Flower Duet from “Lakmé”    new
    for soprano, mezzo and string quartet

• Antonín Dvořák  (1841 - 1904)

  • “Lento” from string quartet in F Major (“American”)  
    Composed in Spillville, Iowa, in the summer of 1893, arguably one of the most famous and well known string quartets. Often requested for funerals, cellists will be interested in having an edition that doesn't require mental acrobatics transposing the treble clef an octave down. 
      PDF sample page of Violoncello part

• Edward Elgar  (1857 - 1934)   new

  • Salut d’Amour, op. 12
    Composed in 1888, originally written for violin and piano, when Elgar was engaged to be married to Caroline Alice Roberts. It became an engagement present to his fiancee.

• Gabriel Fauré  (1845 - 1924)

  • Pavane, op. 50 (abridged)  -  MP3

• Cèsar Franck  (1822 - 1890)

  • Panis Angelicus  -  MP3

• Francesco Geminiani (1687 - 1762)

  • “Largo” from violin sonata in c minor (editor: Ferdinand David)  new
    First movement of this beautiful piece, usually associated with the late great violinist Philippe Hirshhorn. Listen to him on YouTube.

• Charles Gounod  (1818 - 1893)

  • Ave Maria  -  MP3
    In the key of F, singers seem to like it there. We have it in other keys as well, if you need to.
    Ave Verum
    originally for choir w/ opt. organ

• G. F. Handel  (1685 - 1759)

  • 6 Concerti Grossi op. 3
    Source: Deutsche Handelgesellschaft edition, Leipzig, published 1865
    originally published 1734
    op. 3, No. 1 in Bb Major/G minor,  complete
    op. 3, No. 2 in Bb Major, Allegro (3rd movement)
    op. 3, No. 3 in G Major,  complete
    op. 3, No. 4 in F Major,  complete
    op. 3, No. 5 in D Minor,  complete
    op. 3, No. 6 in D Major, Vivace (1st movement),  an unusual concerto grosso, there are only two movements, and the second one is actually a little organ concerto.
    
    Water Music  (ca. 1717)
    Source: Deutsche Handelgesellschaft Edition, Leipzig, published 1886
    “Air”

  • Arrival of the Queen of Sheba
    Thanks be to Thee [Dank Sei Dir, Herr]  -  MP3
    Also known as “Thanks be to God”. Solo con te (Sarah Brightman, Barbara Streisand) is based on it as well.
    “Largo” from Xerxes  (for voice and strings)
    No. 1 from Act. 1. The original tempo indication is actually "Larghetto".

• Joseph Haydn  (1732 - 1809)

  • St. Anthony Chorale (Brahms used this theme for his Haydn Variations)  -  MP3
    String Quartet op. 1 No. 1  -  Adagio  -  MP3
    Haydn at his sunniest.
    The Seven Last Words of our Saviour on the Cross, Op. 51 (Hob. III:50-56)
    not an arrangement, but a complete re-working of the string quartet adaptation, based on the Baerenreiter Urtext score of the original orchestral version. 
    Samples of a live performance (Peters standard Edition) at Prince of Peace Catholic Community Church, Plano, Texas, are available here.
    The Seven Last Words of our Saviour on the Cross, for QUINTET 
    Completely new adaptation for string quintet (2 violins, viola, violoncello, bass)
    Samples of a live performance at Cathedral Santuario de Guadalupe, Dallas, Texas, are available here.

• Francesco Onofrio Manfredini (1684 - 1762)

  • Concerto grosso Op. 3, No. 12 (“Christmas Concerto”) per il santissimo natale 

• Alessandro Marcello  (1669 - 1747)

  • Adagio from Oboe Concerto in d minor (w/ optional organ)
    This arrangement is based on Marcello's original score (all voicings are preserved as much as possible), the solo part is Bach's ornamentation/improvisation. The texture is considerably lighter as compared to Bach's transcription.
    The organ part is optional, (Marcello's score employs the continuo only in 11 bars), and it will change the mood of the piece quite a bit.

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  (1756 - 1791)   new

  • Ave Maria, KV 554  
    Mozart was apparently quite obsessed with canons.  Originally for four voices, dating from around 1788, it uses only the first two words of the sacred text in a 24-bar theme.
    Ave verum corpus, KV 618   -  MP3
    Originally scored for choir, stringed instruments, and organ, Mozart composed this motet while in the middle of writing his opera “Die Zauberflöte”, and while visiting his wife Constanze, who was pregnant with their sixth child and staying in a spa near Baden, outside Vienna. It was less than six months before his death. The manuscript itself contains minimal directions, with only a single sotto voce at the beginning.
    Laudate Dominum, from Vesperae Solennes de Confessore, KV 339  new
    Adapted for soprano and string quartet with the soprano also covering the choir section.
    Also available as an instrumental quartet arrangement.
    No. 21 Duettino Sull’ aria   
    from the opera “Le nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro)”, adapted for string quartet and voices. Featured in the film “The Shawshank Redemption”.
    No. 21 Duettino Sull’ aria
    instrumental string quartet version

• Johann Pachelbel (1653 - 1706)

  • Canon in D
    The famous canon for string quartet and organ ad lib.

• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina  (ca. 1525-1594)

  • Ave Maria   -  MP3

• J. B. Pergolesi  (1710 - 1736)

  • Nina  (Tre giorni son che Nina)  -  MP3

• Josquin des Prez  (c. 1450 to 1455 – 1521)

  • Ave Maria  

• Giacomo Puccini  (1858 - 1924)  

  • O Mio Babbino Caro
    from the opera “Gianni Schicchi”, adapted for voice, string quartet and harp
    O Mio Babbino Caro
    instrumental string quartet and harp version

• Henry Purcell  (1659 - 1695)  

  • Rondeau  -  MP3
    From the 1695 incidental music to the play “Abdelazar or The Moor’s Revenge” by Aphra Behn. Recently featured as dancing music at the Netherfield ball in the film “Pride and Prejudice” (2005).

• Erik Satie  (1866 - 1925)

  • Gymnopedie No. 1

• Franz Schubert  (1797 - 1828)

  • Ave Maria (for use with a vocalist)
    Serenade (Ständchen), No. 4 from “Schwanengesang” 

• Dmitri Shostakovich  (1906 - 1975)   new

  • Romance
    From the music to the 1955 film "The Gadfly”. Originally in Db Major. Mostly known as the main theme to the excellent 1983 Thames Television series "Reilly, Ace of Spies".

• Johann Strauss, Jr.  (1825 - 1899)

  • Voices of Spring  (Frühlingsstimmen)  
    can be played as a quartet, but, for best results, bass is the way to go.

• Giuseppe Verdi  (1813 - 1901)

  • Ave Maria  -  MP3
    from “Quattro pezzi sacri”, originally for SATB choir

• Heitor Villa-Lobos  (1887 - 1959)

  • Bachianas Brasilieras No. 5

• Antonio Vivaldi  (1678-1741)

  • “The Four Seasons” (Op. 8, No. 1 - 4)
    Complete, original keys, with only one small cut in the first movement of “Spring” (available as  individual movements or concertos, and also complete as a bound set). 
    Spring: La Primavera  (RV 269)       PDF sample pages of violin I part
    I. Allegro  
    II. Largo
    III. Allegro, Danza pastorale
    Summer: L’Estate  (RV 315)
    I. Allegro non molto
    II. Adagio
    III. Presto
    Autumn: L’Autunno  (RV 293)
    I. Allegro
    II. Adagio molto
    III. Allegro
    Winter: L’Inverno  (RV 297)
    I. Allegro non molto
    II. Largo
    III. Allegro

    L’Estro Armonico, Op. 3
    Concerto Grosso No. 8 in A-Minor 

    Guitar Concerto in D - Largo
    2nd movement from RV 93
    Mandolin Concerto in C - Allegro   
    1st movement from RV 425

POPULAR:   

(Please note: the arrangements in this section are not for sale)

THE BEATLES:
All You Need is Love   
(First performed by The Beatles on “Our World”, the first live global television link. Watched by 400 million in 26 countries, the program was broadcast via satellite on 25 June 1967)
Here Comes The Sun    
(from The Beatles' 1969 album Abbey Road)
In My Life   new
(from The Beatles' 1965 album Rubber Soul)
Something 
(George Harrison song from The Beatles' 1969 album Abbey Road)
  

All I Want Is You  -  MP3
(from the U2 album “Rattle and Hum”)
Amarillo by Morning
Anne of Green Gables   
(theme from the 1985 TV movie composed by Hagood Hardy)
recorded live at Royal Lane Baptist Church, Dallas, August 2009  -  MP3
Annie's Song   
(by John Denver, from the 1974 album “Back Home Again”)
As Time Goes By   
(from “Casablanca”)
At Last
for voice and string quartet, also available for quartet as an instrumental
(First performed in the 1941 film “ Orchestra Wives” and on record by Glenn Miller and his orchestra, the song was a major hit for Miller, reaching number 9 on the Billboard pop charts in 1942. In 1960, it was covered by blues singer Etta James)
Bittersweet Symphony    
(from The Verve's third album “ Urban Hymns” (1997)  
Breakaway  -  Mp3   
(Recorded by Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement)
Shortened to ca. one minute, for use in processionals
Can't Take My Eyes Off of You    
(Frankie Valli and Andy Williams had big hits with this charming ear-worm in 1967/68)
Chasing Cars    
(from Snow Patrol's fourth album, Eyes Open)
Concerning Hobbits  
(from THE LORD OF THE RINGS: “The Fellowship of the Ring”)
for string quartet and string orchestra
Con te partiro, Time to Say Goodbye   
(as sung by Andrea Bocelli and Sarah Brightman)
Don't Stop Believin’    
(from the 1981 Journey album “Escape”)  -  MP3
Dreams  -  MP3   
(from the Cranberries album “Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can’t We?”)
Everybody's Free (to Feel Good)  -  MP3
(from the 1996 film “Romeo and Juliet”)
Fix You   
(from the Coldplay album “X&Y”)  
Flatbush Waltz    new
(from the 1980 Andy Statman album of the same name)
Gabriel’s Oboe  for string quartet  -  MP3
Gabriel’s Oboe for solo oboe and string orchestra    
(from the 1986 film “The Mission”)
Hallelujah  -  MP3    
(from Leonard Cohen's album “Various Positions” (1984). Has since been covered by some 200 artists in various languages, best know versions are by Jeff Buckley, John Cale, Rufus Wainwright and k.d. Lang among others)
I’ll Stand by You   
(Chrissie Hynde song recorded by The Pretenders, from their sixth studio album, “Last of the Independents”)
for voice and string quartet, but could also be played instrumentally only  -  MP3
I Love You Lord   
(Laurie Klein, 1974)
I’m With You  -  Mp3   
(from Avril Lavigne’s 2002 debut album “Let Go”)
I’m Yours  -  Mp3   
(From Jason Mraz’ third studio album We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. )
I Will Wait for You   
(main theme from “The Umbrellas of Cherbourg”)
another one of the great Michel Legrand tunes. If you haven’t seen this film, rent it. If you can get through about 20 minutes of it - the dialogue is sung - you'll be hooked. 
Libertango for string quartet  
Libertango for string orchestra
(Astor Piazzolla Tango, Grace Jones covered it in a cool way) 
Love Theme from “Cinema Paradiso”   
Love Theme from “Romeo and Juliet” (A Time for Us)  -  MP3
Nino Rota at his best; from the 1968 Zeffirelli film
Main Theme from “Exodus”   
Moon River  
(from “Breakfast at Tiffany‘s”)
Nella Fantasia
for voice and string quartet
(based on Ennio Morricone's “Gabriel’s Oboe”, as sung by Sarah Brightman, Il Divo, Celtic Woman, Paul Potts, etc.)
Once upon a Time ... Storybook Love   
(composed by Mark Knopfler, from the 1987 film “The Princess Bride”)
Palladio   
(otherwise known as “Diamonds are forever”)
Portuguese Love Theme from “Love Actually”  -  MP3   
Pure Imagination    
(from the 1971 film “Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory”)
Soleado (When a Child is Born) 
(composed by Ciro Dammicco under the alias "Zacar". The first recorded version was 1974's version of the Daniel Sentacruz Ensemble. The melody has also been adapted to the Christmas song “When a Child Is Born” sung by Johnny Mathis, Andrea Bocelli, Charlotte Church and many others.)
Song from a Secret Garden    new
(from the 1996 album “Songs from a Secret Garden”)
Summertime for string quartet
Summertime for voice and string quartet   
from “Porgy and Bess” (1935)
Stars and Butterflies  -  MP3     new
abridged for use in bridal processionals
(from the 2005 film adaptation of Jane Austen’s “Pride & Prejudice”, music composed by Dario Marianelli)
Stolen    
(from Dashboard Confessional’s 2007 studio album “Dusk and Summer”)
Theme from “Fawlty Towers” 
Theme from “Black Adder” 
Theme from “The Vicar of Dibley”  
(The Lord is my Shepherd, Psalm 23)
The Luckiest    
(from the Ben Folds 2001 album “Rockin’ the Suburbs”)
for voice, piano and string quartet
The Prayer   
(as sung by Andrea Bocelli and Celine Dion)
can also be used in situations without pianist
The Shining
(from Damon Gough’s “Badly Drawn Boy”)
The Wedding from “Cinderella”  -  MP3    
Finale from the 1957 Rodgers and Hammerstein television musical.
The Windmills of Your Mind   
(from “The Thomas Crown Affair”)
one of the best Michel Legrand tunes. The vocal inflection in the melody is important, otherwise you will have an etude. Obviously, the midi playback is hideous in this regard!
Untitled #3   
(from the Sigur Rós album (), shortened for a bridal processional)
Viva La Vida for string quartet   
Viva La Vida for string orchestra   -  MP3
(from the Coldplay album “Viva La Vida”)  
What a Wonderful World    
(The song was initially offered to Tony Bennett, who turned it down. First recorded by Louis Armstrong and released as a single in 1968, it made Armstrong the oldest male to top the charts at sixty-six years.)
Whatever You Like   new
(First single from T.I.’s 2008 album “Paper Trail”)
Shortened to a little over a minute, for use in processionals
When You Believe   
(from the film “The Prince of Egypt”)
With or Without You  -  MP3  
(from U2’s fifth studio album “The Joshua Tree”, 1987)
Wonderful Tonight   
(written by Eric Clapton, from the 1977 album “Slowhand”)
You Raise Me Up   
(as sung by Josh Groban, for vocal, piano and string quartet)
You Raise Me Up   
(instrumental version for string quartet)

HYMNS:

All the Heavens by Third Day   
As the Deer by Martin Nystrom
Here I Am, Lord by Dan Schutte  -  MP3
Pescador de Hombres by Cesareo Gabarain
recorded live at Highland Park Presbyterian Church, Dallas, October 2005  -  MP3
The Gift of Love     
for solo voice and string quartet
Turn Your Eyes upon Jesus   
(from Michael W. Smith’s live album, “Worship”, for voice, piano and string quartet)
recorded live at Park Cities Baptist Church, Dallas, November 2005  -  MP3

II. Arrangements for Chamber Orchestra
   

J. S. Bach  (1685 - 1750)
Ich ruf’ zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ
Adaptation of the Chorale Prelude No. 41 from the “Orgelbüchlein” BWV 639
This piece, originally in f minor, was featured in Andrei Tarkovsky's film "Solyaris" (1972)

Aria “Erbarme Dich”
No. 39 from St. Matthew Passion, BWV 244
for 2 solo violins and strings

Aria. Duetto “Wir eilen mit schwachen”
from Cantata No. 78, Jesu, der du meine Seele, composed 1724
originally a duet for soprano and alto, with cello, organ and bass

Antonín Dvořák (1841 - 1904)
Ave Maria  
op. 19b - originally for voice and organ

Gabriel Fauré (1845 - 1924)
Pavane, op. 50 (abridged)   

J. B. Pergolesi  (1710 - 1736)
Andantino “Se tu m’ami, se sospiri
("If you love me, if you sigh")
Attributed to Pergolesi, probably by Alessandro Parisotti (1853 - 1913)

Astor Piazzolla  (1921 – 1992) 
Libertango  
adaptation for string orchestra

Erik Satie  (1866 - 1925)
Gymnopedie No. 1
for strings and harp  -  Mp3

Dmitri Shostakovich  (1906 - 1975)
Romance
for solo violin, strings and harp
From the music to the 1955 film "The Gadfly”. Originally in Db Major. Mostly known as the main theme to the excellent 1983 Thames Television series "Reilly, Ace of Spies".

Johann Strauss, Jr.  (1825 - 1899)
Voices of Spring  (Frühlingsstimmen)
adaptation for string orchestra

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)  new
Aria: Vedrò con mio diletto
for solo violin and string orchestra
From the opera GIUSTINO, composed for the 1724 carnival season in Rome. Adaptation inspired by Nicola Benedetti's recording, see YouTube

Georgi Zlatev-Cherkin  (1905 - 1977)
Sevdana   
for solo violin and string orchestra

III. Arrangements for Violin and Keyboard Instrument

Tomaso Albinoni  (1671 - 1750)
Adagio in g minor, for violin and organ
recorded live at St. Michael and All Angels, Dallas, Texas  -  MP3
Vesselin Demirev - violin,  Michael Shake, organ

J. S. Bach  (1685 - 1750)
Aria “Erbarme Dich”
No. 39 from St. Matthew Passion, BWV 244
for violin, cello and organ
recorded live at St. Andrew, Plano, Texas  -  Video

J. B. Pergolesi  (1710 - 1736)
Nina  (Tre giorni son che Nina), for violin and harpsichord or piano
recorded live at St. Michael and All Angels, Dallas, Texas  -  MP3
Vesselin Demirev - violin,  Michael Shake, organ

IV. Arrangements for Solo Instrument and Harp

J. B. Pergolesi  (1710 - 1736)
Nina  (Tre giorni son che Nina), for flute or violin and harp

V. Arrangements for Woodwind Ensembles

Léo Delibes  (1836 - 1891)
Flower Duet from “Lakmé”, for oboe, English Horn and bassoon  -  MP3

The Prayer
from the “Quest for Camelot”, for flute, oboe and piano  -  MP3

Joseph Haydn  (1732 - 1809)
The Seven Last Words of our Saviour on the Cross, Op. 51 (Hob. III:50-56)
A complete re-working of the string quartet adaptation, based on the Baerenreiter Urtext score of the original orchestral version.

The Seven Last Words of our Saviour on the Cross, for QUINTET  
Completely new adaptation for string quintet (2 violins, viola, violoncello, bass)
Samples of a live performance at Cathedral Santuario de Guadalupe, Dallas, Texas, are available here.

Gaetano Donizetti (1797 - 1848)
Parafrasi del Christus    
Sacred cantata for soprano, alto and strings. 
Makes an excellent companion piece to the Pergolesi or Vivaldi “Stabat Mater”.

Alessandro Scarlatti  (1660 - 1725)
Stabat Mater     new
for soprano, contralto, two violins and basso continuo
New edition of the performance parts

Antonio Vivaldi  (1678-1741)
Stabat Mater, RV 621    
Hymn for contralto, two violins, viola and basso continuo
New edition of the performance parts.

Notes on the material, in no particular order: 

In the last 15 or so years, I have accumulated a rather large pile of arrangements and transcriptions (pencil and paper in those days) and are slowly transferring them to a digital medium. So, please check back often, as this page is continuously being updated.

My approach to arranging is to leave the original as intact as possible, providing a score that is clean without editor markings, bowings, fingerings etc. (I try to work from Urtext Editions, when possible). 

Some of the quartet arrangements have an optional organ part, the most likely continuo instrument for a wedding ceremony, for those of us that like to perform with a (friendly) organist.

Recordings (live, or from sampler output) of these pieces in Mp3 format are being added as they become available. YouTube is another great resource.

Some frequently asked questions answered:

I try to reply to e-mail as quickly as possible, although it is getting more difficult. The number of daily inquiries has increased substantially over the last few years, and I find myself answering the most pressing ones first.  I will get around to answering eventually. If you are in the U.S., feel free to call (this also makes the process of finding out what something will be used for, and what modifications need to be made, much easier).

PDF files is by far the most commonly used method of sending the music. 8.5x11 for the US and A4 for Europe, Australia, etc., or other sizes, are of course taken into consideration. Some music will require actual printing and shipping, but those occasions are relatively rare.

As far as payment goes, PayPal (widely used on Ebay, whereby you can send money to just about anybody in the world with an e-mail address, using credit/debit cards, bank transfers, etc.) seems to be working for most people, with a few personal checks, now and then.

An automated system for ordering from the site would seem like a good idea, but, so far, I have found that the overwhelming majority of inquiries require some sort of customization (change of instrumentation, key, etc.), which has prevented me from such a scheme so far. 

Prices: depends very much on the selection, but ranges typically from $10 - $15 for most of the shorter pieces.

For multiple orders I will apply a discount as well. There is no predetermined formula, I make it up on the spot. (10 - 20% typically, depending on the number of pieces).